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Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. It is the third most common cancer worldwide and can be deadly if not detected early. The colon is the large intestine or large bowel. The rectum is the passageway that connects the colon to the anus. Sometimes abnormal growths, called polyps, form in the colon or rectum. Over time, some polyps may turn into cancer

Causes of Colorectal Cancer:

Colorectal cancer is caused by the abnormal growth of cells in the colon or rectum. The exact cause is unknown, but several factors can increase the risk of developing Colorectal cancer, including:

Age: The risk of Colorectal cancer increases with age. Most cases occur in people over the age of 50.

Family history: A family history of Colorectal cancer increases the risk of developing the disease.

Inherited genetic mutations: Some people inherit genetic mutations that increase the risk of developing Colorectal cancer.

Lifestyle factors: A diet high in red and processed meat, a lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption can increase the risk of Colorectal cancer.

Symptoms of Colorectal  Cancer:

The symptoms of Colorectal cancer can vary depending on the location and size of the tumour. Some common symptoms include:

1. Changes in bowel habits: A persistent change in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or a change in the consistency of stool, can be a sign of colorectal cancer.
2. Blood in the stool: Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer. The blood may be bright red or dark in colour and may appear in the stool or on the toilet paper after wiping.
3. Abdominal pain or cramping: Persistent abdominal pain or cramping, especially if it is accompanied by bloating, may be a sign of colorectal cancer.
4. Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying may be a sign of colorectal cancer, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms.
5. Fatigue or weakness: Feeling tired or weak, even after getting enough rest, maybe a sign of colorectal cancer.
6. Iron-deficiency anaemia: Colorectal cancer can cause chronic bleeding in the intestine, leading to iron-deficiency anaemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer:

Colon cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of tests, including:

Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to examine the entire Colorectal and rectum for abnormalities.

Faecal occult blood test: This test detects tiny amounts of blood in the stool that may not be visible to the naked eye.

Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans may be used to detect the presence of a tumour.

Biopsy: A biopsy involves taking a small tissue sample from the Colorectal or rectum and examining it under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment of Colorectal Cancer:

The treatment of Colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Treatment options may include:

Surgery: Surgery is often the first line of treatment for Colorectal cancer. The surgeon may remove the tumour, a portion of the colon, or the entire colon.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is often used in combination with surgery.

Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It is often used in combination with chemotherapy.

Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs that target specific proteins in cancer cells. It is often used in combination with chemotherapy.

Conclusion:

Colon cancer is a serious disease that can be deadly if not detected and treated early. Regular screening for Colorectal cancer is important, especially for people over 50 or those with a family history of the disease. If you experience any of the symptoms of colon cancer, seeing your doctor as soon as possible is important. With early detection and treatment, many people with colon cancer can be cured.

References:

1. Global Cancer Observatory. (2020). Cancer Today. Retrieved from https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/10_8_9-Colorectum-fact-sheet.pdf
2. American Cancer Society. (2021). Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
3. Colorectal (Colon) Cancer https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/what-is-colorectal-cancer.htm#:~:text=Colorectal%20cancer%20is%20a%20disease,large%20intestine%20or%20large%20bowel.